Apartheid Era Blacks Act No 67 of 1952

Apartheid Era Blacks Act No 67 of 1952 Definition: The Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952 (commenced 11 July) repealed early laws, which differed from province to province, relating to the carrying of passes by Black male workers (e.g. the Native Labour Regulation Act of 1911) and instead required all black persons over the age of 16 in all provinces to carry a reference book at all times. They were required by law to produce the book when requested by any member of the police or by an administrative official. The pass included a photograph, carried details of place of origin, employment record, tax payments, and encounters with the police. A special court system was devised to enforce the pass law – people appearing at such commissioners courts were considered guilty until they had proven their innocence. During the 60s, 70s and 80s around 500,000 Blacks were arrested each year, their cases tried (mainly uncontested), and in the 60s fined or sentenced to a short prison term. From the early 70s the convicted were deported to Bantustans instead (under the Admission of Persons to the Republic regulation Act No 59 of 1972). By the mid 80s, by which time almost 20 million people had been arrested (and tried, fined, imprisoned, or deported), the pass law had become increasingly difficult to enforce and it was abandoned. Repealed by the Identification Act No 72 of 1986. Also Known As: Natives (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952

History of the Welfare State in the United Kingdom essays

History of the Welfare State in the United Kingdom essays The UK's welfare system has a long history and has evolved as a response to social, economic and political changes in society. The birth of the welfare state after WWII was a watershed in British history. The newly elected Labor Government "took on the task of setting up a 'welfare state' that would systematically tackle Beveridge's 'five giants'. The creation of a new, more equal society was the key task of government. Social policy was at the top of the political agenda". (Walsh et al, p.46). Elaborating more on the welfare state as far as Beveridge's report is concerned, William Beveridge's report according to Chandler (2002), was to help the citizens of Britain to combat the five giant evils; squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. He goes on to explain that the report was very vital in the sense that Britain was then at war and filth, poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and diseases were common due to the daily bombardment of Britain that crippled and even destroyed most industries, people's homes etc. Before the report, Beveridge was in the liberal reforms from 1906 to 1914 which benefited just few people in Britain hence the gap between the poor and the rich became very huge and inequality became part of the British society. Furthermore, according to Harling (2001), the reforms after Beveridge's report did not take into account wage earners families in other words; this reform did not benefit people in employment regardless of their income. These wage earners did not get any entitlement for medical treatment, because of this, most care takers especially mothers put off any medical treatment for themselves in order to afford treatment for their children which was very disturbing because most people lost their lives because of this unequal system of health care in Britain (Harling 2001). Nevertheless, Chandler (2001) explains that, the Rowntree report conducted in 1936 showed that want or poverty was still a big pro...

Toni Morrison the Book Sula and the Symbol of Water Essay

Toni Morrison the Book Sula and the Symbol of Water - Essay Example Speaking more literally, water is used in the novel to symbolize the border between the sexuality and the experience of death around. First of all, the main character of Sula was taken by Morrison to directly outline the link between the heroine and water. The question is that sula is a sea bird. Thus, water is inseparable for Sula of the novel. Along with the place they lived in (Bottom), the whole story underlines the bottom of heaven where Sula and Nel were placed for living together. The black people living in Medallion tend to justify what everything was all about along with â€Å"what that little girl Sula who grew into a woman in their town was all about, and what they themselves were all about, tucked up there in the Bottom† (Morrison 6). It is a mystery for the main character why their philosophy of living is trite by the majority. Conversely, Sula’s own feelings seek to be evident as long as she feels love, passion, and responsibility for her neighbors deep wi thin her heart. To say more, the theme of budding sexuality in keeping with the best traditions of the Modernism in literature is explored through the symbol of water. Sula and Nel are interwoven into a play they once started in their childhood and continue, though Nel is married to Jude. The sexual intercourse between Sula and Jude is a manifestation of their wetness and soft nature of the water itself. However, it is vital to turn back in earlier times when Nel and Sula were playing with their holes. One episode is peculiar when they stand together â€Å"gazing out over the swift dull water as an unspeakable restlessness and agitation held them† (Morrison 59). It is an intimate dimension of their lives. Water seems to keep Nel and Sula’s feelings in secret until the moment comes. Water is taken in the novel to describe Sula’s personal shelter from the eyes of the surrounding people likely to blame her. In fact, the river setting is a symbol of people falling i n oblivion once the death has come in their lives. At several points water is a symbol of death (Davis 91). The most applicable examples when it is treated like that are the death of Chicken Little and Sula herself. Here comes a contradiction between themes of sexuality leading to birth and oblivion characterizing death. Here, Morrison exemplified the struggle of African Americans: â€Å"Water that should cleanse and purify instead leads to a clogging of human emotions, a beaver’s dam on the souls of the two girls† (Bloom 130). Thus, sexuality symbolized by means of water is intersected by the images of death incorporated in the smoothness of water. Toni Morrison draws upon the symbolic meaning of water trying to amplify the hardships African Americans experience in Medallion. In this respect one of the places in the book reads as follows: â€Å"With the first crack and whoosh of water, the clamber to get out was so fierce that others who were trying to help were pull ed to their deaths† (Morrison 162). Thereupon, water is classified in the imaginary world created by Morrison as both the beginning and the end for all those inhabitants living in the Bottom. Thus, Sula’s tears and her weeping at different places in the book provide a reader with the feeling of sorrow. Nevertheless, the other side of the story is that Sula seeks to find out her niche under the sun, even though the water reminds her of the

International Sales Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Sales - Term Paper Example The study would focus upon the gaming console industry as the product to be marketed and sold in the Indian consumer market. The choice of nation assumes significance considering the fact that it s considered among the fastest growing economies of the world with a large number of potential consumers. The future chapters would be devoted towards creating a framework for the market entry strategy of the firm in the Indian consumer market. Market Analysis India represents one of the fastest growing consumer markets in the twenty first century. A research conducted by the global consultancy states that the size of the Indian consumer market is like to expand by approximately four times its present value and is likely to be the fifth biggest consumer market by the year 2025. The majority (approximately 68 percent) of this growth would take place in the urban areas. A research report conducted by Nielsen places the nation in the first slot in a survey conducted on consumer confidence. It i s perhaps for this reason that the nation is witnessing increased private equity participation as well as mergers and acquisitions (IBEF, 2010). The growth of the consumer markets can also be related to the burgeoning economy of the nation. India is presently accredited as one of the fastest growing economies with high growth rates. An increased investment has enhanced the consumption levels of in the citizens of the nations as they have reported higher levels of disposable income. This has led to an increase in the demand for goods and services which reflects large scale opportunities for organizations especially those operating from the Western world. New locations are important for these organizations as the present and traditional markets of Europe and North... The essay "International Sales" provides an empirical analysis of the aspect of international expansion and is devoted towards creating a framework for the market entry strategy of the firm in the Indian consumer market. India represents one of the fastest growing consumer markets in the twenty-first century. A research conducted by the global consultancy states that the size of the Indian consumer market is like to expand by approximately four times its present value and is likely to be the fifth-biggest consumer market by the year 2025. The majority of this growth would take place in the urban areas. A research report conducted by Nielsen places the nation in the first slot in a survey conducted upon consumer confidence. It is perhaps for this reason that the nation is witnessing increased private equity participation as well as mergers and acquisitions. The growth of the consumer markets can also be related to the burgeoning economy of the nation. India is presently accredited as one of the fastest growing economies with high growth rates. An increased investment has enhanced the consumption levels of in the citizens of the nations as they have reported higher levels of disposable income. This has led to an increase in the demand for goods and services which reflect large-scale opportunities for organizations especially those operating from the Western world. New locations are important for these organizations as the present and traditional markets of Europe and North America have been saturated.

Response to Shooting an Elephant Essay Example for Free

Response to Shooting an Elephant Essay George Orwell, one of the most famous English authors, was born Eric Arthur Blair in Motihari, India, in 1903. His father was a colonial official for the British and his mother’s family also had colonial ties. In 1922, Orwell worked as a British imperial policeman in Burma for five years but he finally returned to England again because he recognized the injustices of the British imperial rule in Burma and could not suffer the guilt of oppressing the Burmese anymore. Later, Orwell spent the next twenty years as a writer; the essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† set in the Burma of the 1920s and written in 1936, is one of his most famous works. In the early twentieth century, Burma was still a colony of Britain but anti-imperialism protests and social movements developed very fast, causing â€Å"great tension between Burmese, Indians and English, between civilians and police† (Meyers 56). Orwell’s essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† is based on this historical tension. In this essay, Orwell depicts an older narrator recounting his imperial policeman’s experience of killing an escaped elephant that destroyed a market and killed an Indian man in Burma. Throughout the story, Orwell chooses language carefully to develop his narration so as to help the readers explore a young imperial officer’s emotional struggle. First, Orwell begins his story with frequent use of carefully-chosen diction to indicate the young policeman’s hatred and also sympathy toward the Burmese. When he describes he was always â€Å"an obvious target† to those Burmese who hated the British Empire, he writes: When a nimble Burman tripped me up on the football field and the referee (another Burman) looked the other way, then the crowd yelled with hideous laughter. This happened more than once. In the end the sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance, got badly on my nerves. (Orwell 94) Using the strong emotional words â€Å"hideous,† â€Å"sneering yellow faces,† and â€Å"hooted† indicates the young officer’s disgust toward those Burmese. But in the following paragraph his emotions are suddenly described in a more complex way; the narrator says, â€Å"All this was perplexing and upsetting† (Orwell 94), which is opposite to the anger and bitterness that are suggested by the diction used before. By using these two words, Orwell changes the young policeman’s emotional voice to the older narrator’s more intellectual voice to suggests a more complex feeling about what the young imperial policeman experienced because of his job. In the next sentence, Orwell uses a series of strong phrases to describe what the young police officer observes in his â€Å"dirty work†: â€Å"The wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scarred buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos—all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt† (Orwell 91). From this specific and graphic description of the prison, readers can perceive the young officer’s sympathy and guilt toward the suffering Burmese. It makes them realize that the young imperial officer is not totally inhumane. In short, Orwell uses careful diction to create the first emotional struggle of the young officer within his policing duties under imperialism. In the essay, Orwell also uses repetition to show the young narrator’s complex emotions. For example, after the young officer sees the destruction caused by the elephant and finally finds his target on the paddy field, he mentions more than three times that he is not willing to shoot the elephant. When he sees the crowd following him, he reports, â€Å"I had no intention of shooting the elephant—I had merely sent for the rifle to defend myself if necessary†(Orwell 94). After he sees the elephant, he comments, â€Å"I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to shoot him† (Orwell 94). Then, he starts saying that the elephant was â€Å"a huge and costly piece of machinery† (Orwell 95) and the elephant seemed harmless right now. The young officer continues claiming,â€Å"I did not in the least want to shoot him† (Orwell 95). These all shows the young man’s sympathy toward the elephant, but more importantly Orwell builds up a tension here by using three different versions of repetition to show how the young officer was wavering in his position. For the first quote, â€Å"no intention† somehow indicates the young narrator’s thinking: he seems to be saying, â€Å"I have no purpose to do that and I am not going to do it. † But then in the second quote, he says â€Å"ought not to† instead of â€Å"no intension of,† which contains much more certainty of not killing the elephant. It shows that the young officer knew he should not shoot the elephant, but he certainly felt a lot of pressure and his mind was not as firm as in the last statement. In the third statement, the young officer’s tone is obviously weaker than the last two; â€Å"I did not in the least want†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this tone sounds just like a prisoner talking about how he does not want to commit a murder, finishes it saying â€Å"I didn’t want to kill that person. † The young officer’s mind was wavering and he was taking a step forward toward killing the elephant everytime he introduces his different expressions of unwilling to kill the elephant. Orwell uses this repetition not only to show the young officer’s internal conflict, but also to imply, as a possible result, that the young officer will change his mind from not shooting the elephant to actually doing that. However, under the crowd’s pressure and his position as an imperial officer, the young police officer has to kill the elephant in order to maintain his master figure. Orwell uses the change from the first person to the third person to comment on the young man’s revelation. When the young man sees that the Burmese watch him excitedly, he suddenly feels that he should shoot the elephant after all. And it is because â€Å"their two thousand wills [were] pressing me forward, irresistibly†¦[that] I perceived in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys. He becomes a sort of hollow, posing dummy, the conventionalized figure of a sahib† (Orwell 95). The narration shifts from the first person â€Å"I† to the third person â€Å"he,† indicating not only Orwell’s comment upon this decision of the young person, but also Orwell’s main argument in the essay: as a imperial officer, a person needs to betray his own good nature in order to maintain his superiority toward the colonized. Then, Orwell uses strong terms again to replay the emergency and tension that the young officer encountered earlier: A white man mustn’t be frightened in front of ‘natives’; and so, in general, he isn’t frightened. The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on and reduced to a grinning corpse like the Indian up the hill. And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would laugh. That would never do. (Orwell 96) Here, words like â€Å"sole thought,† â€Å"trampled,† â€Å"reduced to a grinning corpse† are used to emphasize the young man’s anxiety in shooting the elephant, for he does not want to lose face in front of the natives. This is the remaining emotion occupying his mind at that time; even though he still has sympathy toward the elephant, as a imperial officer, he will kill the elephant to protect his â€Å"conventionalized figure of a sahib. † By way of these specific word choices, Orwell describes vividly how the young imperial officer’s pride finally defeats his good nature so that he can maintain his superior figure. Finally, Orwell ends the story using the young officer’s naive voice as opposed to the older narrator’s voice mentioned before to make his narration more believable: â€Å"I was very glad that the coolie [which is the Indian killed by the elephant] had been killed†¦it gave me a sufficient pretext for shooting the elephant† (Orwell 99). Readers may feel sympathetic that the young man does not feel guilty but happy that he is not responsible for killing the elephant and saving his face or â€Å"avoiding looking a fool† in front of the natives. They may feel pity that the young man is likely to learn nothing from this incident and even to feel lucky that someone’s death can free him of responsibility for killing the elephant. But this naive voice can increase the old narrator’s credibility because readers can feel his sincerity; he is willing to admit that his younger self really felt a bit lucky that he was out of punishment because of the elephant killing an Indian man at that time. It convinces the reader to believe what the narrator argues at last: as an imperial officer, he has to do what the natives expect of him in order to conform to his â€Å"conventionalized figure of the sahib†(Orwell 95), which is â€Å"to avoid looking a fool†(Orwell 99) in front of the natives. Overall, in this essay, Orwell uses effective language to make his narration of the story more impressive and thoughtful, and to explore an imperial officer’s struggle between his good nature and his imperial role.

Assistive Technology Essay -- Teaching Education

Assistive Technology IDEA defines an assistive technology device as: â€Å"...any item, piece of equipment or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities.† This is a broad definition and includes a range of devices from low technology to high technology, including computers as well as software. Under IDEA the legal definition of assistive technology services is: â€Å"...any service that directly assists an individual with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device. Specifically, assistive technology services include: the evaluation of the needs of an individual with a disability; the purchasing of assistive technology devices; selecting, customizing, adapting, applying, maintaining, or replacing of assistive technology services; using therapies, interventions, or services with assistive technology devices; training or technical assistance for an individual with disabilities, and/or the family of an individual with disabilities; and training or technical assistance for those who provide services to, employ, or those who are involved in the major life functions of individuals with disabilities. Assistive Technology is a type of technology that allows for more independent, productive and enjoyable living. These technologies can be simple or complex. Something as simple as Velcro can al...

Capacity planning Essay

WHAT IS CAPACITY PLANNING? Capacity can be defined as the ability to hold, receive, store, or accommodate; a measure of an organization’s ability to provide customers with the demanded services or goods in the amount requested and in a timely manner. Capacity planning is the process of determining the production capacity needed by an organization to meet changing demand for its products. The objectives of capacity planning are: To identify and solve capacity problem in a timely manner to meet consumer needs. To maintain a balance between required capacity and available capacity. The goal of capacity planning is to minimize this discrepancy. Capacity is calculated: (number of machines or workers) Ãâ€" (number of shifts) Ãâ€" (utilization) Ãâ€" (efficiency). THE NEED FOR CAPACITY PLANNING: Capacity planning is the first step when an organization decided to produce more or a new product. Once capacity is evaluated and a need for a new expanded facility is determined, facility location and process technology activities occur. Too much capacity would require exploring ways to reduce capacity, such as temporarily closing, selling, or consolidating facilities. Consolidation might involve relocation, a combining of technologies, or a rearrangement of equipment and processes. Capacity planning is done in order to estimate whether the demand is higher than capacity or lower than  capacity. That is compare demand versus capacity. It helps an organization to identify and plan the actions necessary to meet customer’s present and future demand. HOW IS CAPACITY MEASURED? For some organization capacity is simple to measure. General Motors Corporation can use â€Å"numbers of automobiles per year.† But what about organization whose product lines are more diverse? For these firms, it is hard to find a common unit of output. As a substitute, capacity can be expressed in terms of input. A legal office may express capacity in terms of the number of attorneys employed per year. A custom job shop or an auto repair shop may express capacity in terms of available labour hours and/or machine hours per week, month, or year. Capacity can be expressed in terms of input & output, depending on the nature of business. Organization Measure Output Automobile manufacturer Numbers of autos Steel producer Tones of steel Power company Megawatts of electricity Input Airline Numbers of seat Hospital Number of beds Tax office Number of accountants CAPACITY PLANNING DECISION: Capacity planning normally involves the following activities: Assessing existing capacity. Forecasting capacity needs. Identifying alternative ways to modify capacity. Evaluating financial, economical, and technological capacity alternatives. Selecting a capacity alternative most suited to achieving strategic mission. THREE STEPS OF CAPACITY PLANNING: Determine Service Level Requirements: The first step on the capacity planning process is to categorize the work done by systems and to quantify users’ expectation for how the work gets down. Define workloads Determine the unit of work Identify service levels for each workload Analyze current capacity: Next, the current capacity of the system must be analyzed to determine how it is meeting the needs of the users. Measure service levels and compare to objectives Measure overall resources usages. Measure resource usages by workload Identify components of response time Planning for future: Finally, using forecasts of future business activity, future system requirements are determined. Implementing the required changes in system configuring will ensure that sufficient capacity will be available to maintain service level, even as circumstanced change in the future. Determine future processing requirements Plan future system configuration STRATIGES FOR MODIFYING CAPACITY: After existing and future capacity requirements are assessed, alternative ways of modifying capacity must be identified. Capacity refers to a system’s potential for producing goods or delivering services over a specified time interval. Capacity planning involves long-term and short term considerations. Long-term considerations relate to the overall level of capacity; short-term considerations relate to variations in capacity  requirements due to seasonal, random, and irregular fluctuations in demand. Excess capacity arises when actual production is less than what is achievable or optimal for a firm. This often means that the demand in the market for the product is below what the firm could potentially supply to the market. Excess capacity is inefficient and will cause manufacturers to incur extra costs or lose market share. Short-term Responses- For short-term periods of up to one year, fundamental capacity id fixed. Major facilities are seldom opened or closed on a regular monthly or yearly basis. Many short-term adjustments for increasing or decreasing capacity are possible, however. Which adjustment to make depended on whether the conversion process is primarily labour-or capital-intensive and whether the product is one that can be stored in inventory. Long-term Responses- Expansion from World War II through the 1960s, the U.S. economy was one of abundance and growth. Since the 1970s the United States has encountered problems of scarce resources and a more competitive economy. Organization today cannot be locked into thinking only about expanding the resource base; they must also consider optimal approaches to contracting it. Example:- A warehousing operation foresees the need for an additional 100,000 square feet of space by the end of the next five year. One option is to add an additional 50,000 square feet now and another 50,000 square feet two year from now. Another option is to add the entire 100,000 square feet now. Estimated costs for building the entire addition now are $50/square foot. If expanded incrementally, the initial 50,000 square feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet to be added later are estimated at $80/square foot. Which alternative is better? At a minimum, the lower construction costs plus excess capacity costs of total construction now must be compared with higher costs of deferred construction. The operation manager must consider the costs, benefits, and risks of each option. WHAT ARE THE MODELS AND TECHNIQUES THAT ARE USEFUL FOR CAPACITY PLANNING? Present value analysis: It is used to evaluate the time of capital investment and fund flows. Aggregate planning models: it is useful for examining the way of using the examining the way of using the existing capacity in the short terms. Break even analysis: to determine the minimum break even volumes of production. Linear programming: this is helpful in determining the optimum product mix for maximizing contribution, considering the capacity constraints. Computers simulation: it is helpful to determine the effects of various scheduling policies. Decision tree analysis: this can be applied for long term capacity problems. WHAT ARE ECONOMIES OF SCALE? It is well known principle of economics. It indicates the relationship between cost and capacity in an operating system. When output increases in an operating system, the system is likely to experience cost advantages on account several factors. Due the following reasons the average unit cost begins to fall with the rise in output level : Spreading the fixed costs of capacity over a larger output Improved utilization of several resources in the system Cost benefit in procurement on account of increased volume. Efficient use of supervisory and management staff. The economies of scale cease to occur beyond a level of production or output. This is called ‘Diseconomies of scale’. There can be several reasons for this: Inefficient management due to largeness of operation and resultant lack of coordination. Overuse of machineries and break down of material handling equipments Over hiring of employees, or excessive overtime. Service slowdowns due to increasing complexities Increase in quality problems because of mismanagement and lack of focus. EFFECIENY AND UTILIZATION: Utilisation = Actual Output Design capacity Both measures expressed in percentage Example:- Design capacity= 50 trucks/day Effective capacity= 40 trucks/day Actual output= 36 units/day